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Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
1. How many species of scorpions have been discovered so far according to the text?
(E) is the right answer, notice that in the first paragraph of the text it is stated that 1500 species of scorpions have been studied so far; but the text does not provide the number of species of scorpions discovered so far.
(E) is the right answer, notice that in the first paragraph of the text it is stated that 1500 species of scorpions have been studied so far; but the text does not provide the number of species of scorpions discovered so far.
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
2. Which item is not true about AMPs?
Answer (A) is the right choice, according to paragraph one we can see all the statements are true except option A. In the last parts of paragraph one we read that “Most of these antimicrobial peptides do not contain disulfide bridges in their structure, known as non-disulfide-bridged peptides (NDBP)…”
Answer (A) is the right choice, according to paragraph one we can see all the statements are true except option A. In the last parts of paragraph one we read that “Most of these antimicrobial peptides do not contain disulfide bridges in their structure, known as non-disulfide-bridged peptides (NDBP)…”
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
3. Which item is not a Gram-negative bacteria?
Answer (B) is the right choice, according to paragraph three we can see that Opistophthalmus carinatus is a peptide and options A, C and D are Gram-negative bacteria.
Answer (B) is the right choice, according to paragraph three we can see that Opistophthalmus carinatus is a peptide and options A, C and D are Gram-negative bacteria.
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
4. Which item is not true regarding Pandinin-2?
Answer (C) is the right choice, according to paragraph four we can see that “Heterin-2 is able to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria with MICs from 5.6 μM to 30.0 μM” and not Pandinin-2. The other items are true regarding Pandinin-2 and you can find them at the end of paragraph four.
Answer (C) is the right choice, according to paragraph four we can see that “Heterin-2 is able to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria with MICs from 5.6 μM to 30.0 μM” and not Pandinin-2. The other items are true regarding Pandinin-2 and you can find them at the end of paragraph four.
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
5. Scientists discovered that the chemically synthesized peptides (with C-terminal amidation) showed potent antibacterial activity.
The mechanism of action of these AMPs has been discovered.
Answer (D) is the right choice since at the end of paragraph six it is stated that “The chemically synthesized peptides (with C-terminal amidation) showed potent antibacterial activity as well as low hemolytic activity.” But it is also said that the mechanism of action of these AMPs is not clear.
Answer (D) is the right choice since at the end of paragraph six it is stated that “The chemically synthesized peptides (with C-terminal amidation) showed potent antibacterial activity as well as low hemolytic activity.” But it is also said that the mechanism of action of these AMPs is not clear.
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
6. What was the result of the analysis of antimicrobial peptides in venomous glands of Urodacus yaschenkoi scorpion?
Answer (E) is the right choice, in paragraph seven we can see that the items provided here are all results of the analysis of antimicrobial peptides in venomous glands of Urodacus yaschenkoi scorpion.
Answer (E) is the right choice, in paragraph seven we can see that the items provided here are all results of the analysis of antimicrobial peptides in venomous glands of Urodacus yaschenkoi scorpion.
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
7. Scorpion venoms are a great source of bioactive peptides.
Only a few scorpion peptides with antimicrobial activity have been characterized and evaluated against MDR bacterial strains.
Answer (A) is the right choice, in paragraph eight it is stated that “Scorpion venoms represent an immense source of bioactive peptides, including toxins that affect the sodium channels of mammals or insects and AMPs. However, only a few scorpion peptides with antimicrobial activity have been characterized and evaluated against MDR bacterial strains.”
Answer (A) is the right choice, in paragraph eight it is stated that “Scorpion venoms represent an immense source of bioactive peptides, including toxins that affect the sodium channels of mammals or insects and AMPs. However, only a few scorpion peptides with antimicrobial activity have been characterized and evaluated against MDR bacterial strains.”
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
8. Which item is NOT true?
Answer (E) is the right choice, you can find the items in paragraphs eight and nine. In paragraph nine it is stated that “. Previous studies have reported that three of these peptides (UyCT1, UyCT3, and UyCT5) have been effective in inhibiting a broad spectrum of bacteria…”
Answer (E) is the right choice, you can find the items in paragraphs eight and nine. In paragraph nine it is stated that “. Previous studies have reported that three of these peptides (UyCT1, UyCT3, and UyCT5) have been effective in inhibiting a broad spectrum of bacteria…”
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
9. Which is an advantage that we can have by combining peptides?
Answer (D) is the right answer. In paragraph 10 the advantages of combining peptides are described and it is not stated that combining them is dangerous to human health or the results of combining peptides have not been advantageous. “The effectiveness of peptide combinations has been reported, and different advantages of their use have been proposed, such as using lower doses, cost savings, and preventing the development of resistance.”
Answer (D) is the right answer. In paragraph 10 the advantages of combining peptides are described and it is not stated that combining them is dangerous to human health or the results of combining peptides have not been advantageous. “The effectiveness of peptide combinations has been reported, and different advantages of their use have been proposed, such as using lower doses, cost savings, and preventing the development of resistance.”
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
10. According to the text, what is the reason some AMPs from scorpion venom cannot be used for clinical purposes?
Answer (B) is the right choice, in paragraph eleven it is stated that “Some AMPs from scorpion venom have shown great potential to inhibit the growth of a broad spectrum of bacteria, including MDR clinical isolates; however, their high cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity have prevented their clinical use.”
Answer (B) is the right choice, in paragraph eleven it is stated that “Some AMPs from scorpion venom have shown great potential to inhibit the growth of a broad spectrum of bacteria, including MDR clinical isolates; however, their high cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity have prevented their clinical use.”
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
11. The capacity of AMPs to bind to the membranes of microorganisms contributes to …
Answer (A) is the right choice, in paragraph twelve it is stated that “the ability of AMPs to kill microorganisms depends upon their capacity to bind to the membranes of these microorganisms”.
Answer (A) is the right choice, in paragraph twelve it is stated that “the ability of AMPs to kill microorganisms depends upon their capacity to bind to the membranes of these microorganisms”.
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
12. Which item is possibly a result of various bacterial membrane lipid compositions?
Answer (B) is the right answer. In paragraph thirteen it is stated that “Bacteria vary widely in the lipid composition of their membranes and would, therefore, be expected to exhibit different sensitivities to antimicrobial compounds.” Notice this does not mean item A is the result of various bacterial membrane lipid composition, the same applies for options C and D since being susceptible to peptides is not a possible result of the existence of various bacterial membrane lipid compositions.
Answer (B) is the right answer. In paragraph thirteen it is stated that “Bacteria vary widely in the lipid composition of their membranes and would, therefore, be expected to exhibit different sensitivities to antimicrobial compounds.” Notice this does not mean item A is the result of various bacterial membrane lipid composition, the same applies for options C and D since being susceptible to peptides is not a possible result of the existence of various bacterial membrane lipid compositions.
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
13. Gram-negative bacteria show higher phosphatidylethanolamine content than Gram-positive bacteria.
Gram-positive bacteria exhibit a higher amount of anionic lipids.
Answer (B) is the correct choice. In the middle of paragraph thirteen, you can find these statements to be true.
Answer (B) is the correct choice. In the middle of paragraph thirteen, you can find these statements to be true.
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
14. According to the text, what is the reason behind the reduced antimicrobial activity of non-amidated AMPs?
Answer (D) is the right answer. In paragraph 14 it is stated that “The reduced antimicrobial activity of non-amidated AMPs is due to the decrease in the positive surface charge and the structural alteration of the α-helix, which affects the ability of the AMP to disrupt the cell membrane.” So option A is wrong since the decrease in the positive surface charge is mentioned as a reason and not increase. The other options are simply not mentioned to be reasons behind the reduced antimicrobial activity of non-amidated AMPs.
Answer (D) is the right answer. In paragraph 14 it is stated that “The reduced antimicrobial activity of non-amidated AMPs is due to the decrease in the positive surface charge and the structural alteration of the α-helix, which affects the ability of the AMP to disrupt the cell membrane.” So option A is wrong since the decrease in the positive surface charge is mentioned as a reason and not increase. The other options are simply not mentioned to be reasons behind the reduced antimicrobial activity of non-amidated AMPs.
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
15. Based on the passage we can understand that the author probably:
(B) is the correct answer, we can see in the passage that the author reports facts and findings of the researchers and supports his/her statements with those findings.
(B) is the correct answer, we can see in the passage that the author reports facts and findings of the researchers and supports his/her statements with those findings.
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
16. Which of the following best describes the foundation of the author’s argument in the passage?
(C) is the correct choice, the author provides tests and their results conducted by scientists and also provides data and his arguments are based on these. So we can conclude that his/her arguments are based on scientific evidence and are objective. Objective arguments are often those that have to do with logos, that is, reason, evidence, and logic, generally dealing with material questions (things that can be sensed or measured and have to do with the real outside world, outside of oneself).
(C) is the correct choice, the author provides tests and their results conducted by scientists and also provides data and his arguments are based on these. So we can conclude that his/her arguments are based on scientific evidence and are objective. Objective arguments are often those that have to do with logos, that is, reason, evidence, and logic, generally dealing with material questions (things that can be sensed or measured and have to do with the real outside world, outside of oneself).
Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria
17. Which item is the best title for this passage?
Answer (D) is the best choice as the title of the passage. Notice that in such questions you should be always looking for an option that is the most conclusive and covers the most important topics or questions that were raised and addressed in the passage. With that in mind, option D here is our best choice, other options just refer to topics that were only discussed in some parts of the texts or are not conclusive.
Answer (D) is the best choice as the title of the passage. Notice that in such questions you should be always looking for an option that is the most conclusive and covers the most important topics or questions that were raised and addressed in the passage. With that in mind, option D here is our best choice, other options just refer to topics that were only discussed in some parts of the texts or are not conclusive.